The Id in Macbeth Essay Example

The Id in Macbeth Paper The id, according to Freud, represented innate desires such as hunger, sex, and anger. In looking at Macbeth one would assume that Lady Macbeth, being power- hungry as she was, would represent this component, however, these traits were evident in Macbeth himself. In Act II Machetes old drives him to kill Duncan and although his desire is shadowed by that of Lady Macbeth, ultimately he kills, demonstrating the part of Macbeth that is his old. As the play progresses Machetes old becomes Increasingly dominant. In act Ill, scene IV, Macbeth declares, We are yet but young In deed, foreshadowing that his most evil of actions are yet to come. The final act captures the essence of Frauds Idea of the old In Machetes statement While I see lives, the gashes do better upon them, meaning that Macbeth was willing to harm any life that was in his way. Masculinity is another symbol for the id throughout this play. Lady Macbeth questions Machetes masculinity several times at one point asking, are you a man? She also uses manhood when convincing Macbeth to kill Duncan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Id in Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Id in Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Id in Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Later, when Macbeth decides to have Banquet killed he uses masculinity to convince the murderers. He says, ay, in the catalogue ye go for men/ As hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs/Soughs, water-rugs, and deem-wolves are slept/ All by the name of dogs (actual sentences-96). In Machetes utilization of masculinity to convince the men to kill, It Is further supported that emasculation Is a symbol for the old. Since Lady Macbeth uses this method frequently, It Is evident why one would assume she represents the old, when In reality, she does not. Alternatively, Macbeth has recurring hallucinations that represent the decency in him. Is this a dagger which I see before me, he exclaims, hallucinating, the handle toward my hand, this hallucination occurring in act II supports the idea that perhaps Machetes hallucinations are metaphors for his superego. This represents the moral part of humans. It pulls a person to do the right thing, opposing the old. Although many critics disagree with the idea that Macbeth is a good person, these hallucinations show the existence of a superego, meaning he has some morality thin him. After he commits the murder Macbeth says Will all great Neptune ocean wash the blood clean from my hands? (Actual scene). This is another example of Machetes superego being revealed. The final component In Frauds theory Is the Idea of the Ego which Is the part that maintains a balance between the old and the Superego. Naturally, there would need to be some type of mediator between the two as they are polar opposites. Unnaturally Tort Machete Nils ego Is Tautly Ana ones up Dealing ten reason Tort ten destruction he causes. During the dinner in Act Ill Machetes old and Superego come in direct contact with one another and it results in madness. Macbeth has a hallucination of Banquet, a surfacing of his Superego, in the midst of his Ids every increasing power over him. Theoretically, when the Superego and the old conflict, or when the ego fails to maintain balance between the two, it results in anxiety. When told to take his seat, Macbeth, seeing a ghost of Banquet in his chair, replies with, the tables full. This is the first indicator of the internal collision that is about to occur. Machetes anxiety and unease is demonstrated where now his words and fear are uncontrollable. In this direct clash of Superego and d, Shakespeare reveals Machetes weak Ego in its inability to manage the two extremes within him. Ultimately Macbeth is a story about a man who is neither in conflict with his power-hungry wife, or his lack of character, but his inability to balance between two extremes fighting within him. Shakespeare wrote Macbeth about a man who had a flawed Ego and the calamity that occurred as a result. The Id in Macbeth Essay Example The Id in Macbeth Paper The id, according to Freud, represented innate desires such as hunger, sex, and anger. In looking at Macbeth one would assume that Lady Macbeth, being power- hungry as she was, would represent this component, however, these traits were evident in Macbeth himself. In Act II Machetes old drives him to kill Duncan and although his desire is shadowed by that of Lady Macbeth, ultimately he kills, demonstrating the part of Macbeth that is his old. As the play progresses Machetes old becomes Increasingly dominant. In act Ill, scene IV, Macbeth declares, We are yet but young In deed, foreshadowing that his most evil of actions are yet to come. The final act captures the essence of Frauds Idea of the old In Machetes statement While I see lives, the gashes do better upon them, meaning that Macbeth was willing to harm any life that was in his way. Masculinity is another symbol for the id throughout this play. Lady Macbeth questions Machetes masculinity several times at one point asking, are you a man? She also uses manhood when convincing Macbeth to kill Duncan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Id in Macbeth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Id in Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Id in Macbeth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Later, when Macbeth decides to have Banquet killed he uses masculinity to convince the murderers. He says, ay, in the catalogue ye go for men/ As hounds and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels, curs/Soughs, water-rugs, and deem-wolves are slept/ All by the name of dogs (actual sentences-96). In Machetes utilization of masculinity to convince the men to kill, It Is further supported that emasculation Is a symbol for the old. Since Lady Macbeth uses this method frequently, It Is evident why one would assume she represents the old, when In reality, she does not. Alternatively, Macbeth has recurring hallucinations that represent the decency in him. Is this a dagger which I see before me, he exclaims, hallucinating, the handle toward my hand, this hallucination occurring in act II supports the idea that perhaps Machetes hallucinations are metaphors for his superego. This represents the moral part of humans. It pulls a person to do the right thing, opposing the old. Although many critics disagree with the idea that Macbeth is a good person, these hallucinations show the existence of a superego, meaning he has some morality thin him. After he commits the murder Macbeth says Will all great Neptune ocean wash the blood clean from my hands? (Actual scene). This is another example of Machetes superego being revealed. The final component In Frauds theory Is the Idea of the Ego which Is the part that maintains a balance between the old and the Superego. Naturally, there would need to be some type of mediator between the two as they are polar opposites. Unnaturally Tort Machete Nils ego Is Tautly Ana ones up Dealing ten reason Tort ten destruction he causes. During the dinner in Act Ill Machetes old and Superego come in direct contact with one another and it results in madness. Macbeth has a hallucination of Banquet, a surfacing of his Superego, in the midst of his Ids every increasing power over him. Theoretically, when the Superego and the old conflict, or when the ego fails to maintain balance between the two, it results in anxiety. When told to take his seat, Macbeth, seeing a ghost of Banquet in his chair, replies with, the tables full. This is the first indicator of the internal collision that is about to occur. Machetes anxiety and unease is demonstrated where now his words and fear are uncontrollable. In this direct clash of Superego and d, Shakespeare reveals Machetes weak Ego in its inability to manage the two extremes within him. Ultimately Macbeth is a story about a man who is neither in conflict with his power-hungry wife, or his lack of character, but his inability to balance between two extremes fighting within him. Shakespeare wrote Macbeth about a man who had a flawed Ego and the calamity that occurred as a result.

The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver essays

The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver essays There seems to be a buzz going around about Barbara Kingsolver's indifference towards men. Much of that, though, is generated by one of her first novels, The Bean Trees. It does ring true, for this particular story, that only one man out of many plays a laudable part. But that novel fails to represent Kingsolver's entire spectrum of stories. Another one of her just as successful novels, Animal Dreams, highlights a major male character, and a few others, with a positive sheen. The two novels, so similar in the way of a woman's self-journey, are also quite different when it comes to outlooks on men. The reason Taylor Greer, the main character in The Bean Trees, leaves her hometown is because there is nothing for her there. Mainly, she has seen pretty much every woman in the town "get hogtied to a future as a tobacco farmer's wife", or some equal/worse fate. The men in her life, including her father, have instilled a bad feeling in Taylor, either by being lazy and boring, leaving their spouses, or even beating the women who "love" them. By the time the cute northern high school teacher comes along, Taylor isn't even "moony" over him and he would be the one to like. So as a young girl, she learns not to be easily impressed by members of the male species. As the novel rumbles along her path of discovery, it refuses to introduce any positive men except for Estevan, the unattainable. It only brings in more reasons to dislike them, actually, with Taylor's best friend left heartbroken by her husband, and with Taylor's success in a virtually all-female close-knit circle of friends. Nothing in this novel suggests a positive feeling towards men. A couple of years after The Bean Trees, Kingsolver introduced a new novel called Animal Dreams. This one goes against any "male-bashing" that readers may have picked up from her previous work. In fact, it uses a man to help the main character, Codi, feel most at home with herself and her town. ...

World War I - Middle East and Africa Campaigns

World War I - Middle East and Africa Campaigns As World War I descended across Europe in August 1914, it also saw fighting erupt across the colonial empires of the belligerents. These conflicts typically involved smaller forces and with one exception resulted in the defeat and capture of Germanys colonies. Also, as the fighting on the Western Front stagnated in to trench warfare, the Allies sought secondary theaters for striking at the Central Powers. Many of these targeted the weakened Ottoman Empire and saw the spread of fighting to Egypt and the Middle East. In the Balkans, Serbia, who had played a key role in starting of the conflict, was ultimately overwhelmed leading to a new front in Greece. War Comes to the Colonies Formed in early 1871, Germany was a later comer to the competition for empire. As a result, the new nation was forced to direct its colonial efforts towards the less preferred parts of Africa and the islands of the Pacific. While German merchants began operations in Togo, Kamerun (Cameroon), South-West Africa (Namibia), and East Africa (Tanzania), others were planting colonies in Papua, Samoa, as well as the Caroline, Marshall, Solomon, Mariana, and Bismarck Islands. In addition, the port of Tsingtao was taken from the Chinese in 1897. With the outbreak of war in Europe, Japan elected to declare war on Germany citing its obligations under the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1911. Moving quickly, Japanese troops seized the Marianas, Marshalls, and Carolines. Transferred to Japan after the war, these islands became a key part of its defensive ring during World War II. While the islands were being captured, a 50,000-man force was dispatched to Tsingtao. Here they conducted a classic siege with the aid of British forces and took the port on November 7, 1914. Far to the south, Australian and New Zealand forces captured Papua and Samoa. Battling for Africa While the German position in the Pacific was quickly swept away, their forces in Africa mounted a more vigorous defense. Though Togo was swiftly taken on August 27, British and French forces encountered difficulties in Kamerun. Though possessing greater numbers, the Allies were hampered by distance, topography, and climate. While initial efforts to capture the colony failed, a second campaign took the capital at Douala on September 27. Delayed by weather and enemy resistance, the final German outpost at Mora was not taken until February 1916. In South-West Africa, British efforts were slowed by the need to put down a Boer revolt before crossing the border from South Africa. Attacking in January 1915, South African forces advanced in four columns on the German capital at Windhoek. Taking the town on May 12, 1915, they compelled the colonys unconditional surrender two months later. The Last Holdout Only in German East Africa was the war to last the duration. Though the governors of East Africa and British Kenya wished to observe a pre-war understanding exempting Africa from hostilities, those within their borders clamored for war. Leading the German Schutztruppe (colonial defense force) was Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. A veteran imperial campaigner, Lettow-Vorbeck embarked on a remarkable campaign which saw him repeatedly defeat larger Allied forces. Utilizing African soldiers known as askiris, his command lived off the land and conducted an ongoing guerilla campaign. Tying down increasingly large numbers of British troops, Lettow-Vorbeck suffered several reverses in 1917 and 1918, but was never captured. The remnants of his command finally surrendered after the armistice on November 23, 1918, and Lettow-Vorbeck returned to Germany a hero. The Sick Man at War On August 2, 1914, the Ottoman Empire, long known as the Sick Man of Europe for its declining power, concluded an alliance with Germany against Russia. Long courted by Germany, the Ottomans had worked to re-equip their army with German weapons and used the Kaisers military advisors. Utilizing the German battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau, both of which had been transferred to Ottoman control after escaping British pursuers in the Mediterranean, Minister of War Enver Pasha ordered naval attacks against Russian ports on October 29. As a result, Russia declared war on November 1, followed by Britain and France four days later. With the beginning of hostilities, General Otto Liman von Sanders, Ever Pashas chief German advisor, expected the Ottomans to attack north into the Ukrainian plains. Instead, Ever Pasha elected to assault Russia through the mountains of the Caucasus. In this area the Russians advanced first gaining ground as the Ottoman commanders did not wish to attack in the severe winter weather. Angered, Ever Pasha took direct control and was badly defeated in the Battle of Sarikamis in December 1914/January 1915. To the south, the British, concerned about ensuring the Royal Navys access to Persian oil, landed the 6th Indian Division at Basra on November 7. Taking the city, it advanced to secure Qurna. The Gallipoli Campaign Contemplating the Ottoman entry into the war, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill developed a plan for attacking the Dardanelles. Using the ships of the Royal Navy, Churchill believed, partially due to faulty intelligence, that the straits could be forced, opening the way for a direct assault on Constantinople. Approved, the Royal Navy had three attacks on the straits turned back in February and early March 1915. A massive assault on March 18 also failed with the loss of three older battleships. Unable to penetrate the Dardanelles due to Turkish mines and artillery, the decision was made to land troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula to remove the threat (Map). Entrusted to General Sir Ian Hamilton, the operation called for landings at Helles and farther north at Gaba Tepe. While the troops at Helles were to push north, the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps was to push east and prevent the retreat of the Turkish defenders. Going ashore on April 25, Allied forces took heavy losses and failed to achieve their objectives. Battling on Gallipolis mountainous terrain, Turkish forces under Mustafa Kemal held the line and fighting stalemated into trench warfare. On August 6, a third landing at Sulva Bay was also contained by the Turks. After a failed offensive in August, fighting quieted as the British debated strategy (Map). Seeing no other recourse, the decision was made to evacuate Gallipoli and the last Allied troops departed on January 9, 1916. Mesopotamia Campaign In Mesopotamia, British forces successfully repelled an Ottoman attack at Shaiba on April 12, 1915. Having been reinforced, the British commander, General Sir John Nixon, ordered Major General Charles Townshend to advance up the Tigris River to Kut and, if possible, Baghdad. Reaching Ctesiphon, Townshend encountered an Ottoman force under Nureddin Pasha on November 22. After five days of inconclusive fighting, both sides withdrew. Retreating to Kut-al-Amara, Townshend was followed by Nureddin Pasha who laid siege to the British force on December 7. Several attempts were made to lift the siege in early 1916 with no success and Townshend surrendered on April 29 (Map). Unwilling to accept defeat, the British dispatched Lieutenant General Sir Fredrick Maude to retrieve the situation. Reorganizing and reinforcing his command, Maude began a methodical offensive up the Tigris on December 13, 1916. Repeatedly outmaneuvering the Ottomans, he retook Kut and pressed towards Baghdad. Defeating Ottoman forces along the Diyala River, Maude captured Baghdad on March 11, 1917. Maude then halted in the city to reorganize his supply lines and avoid the summer heat. Dying of cholera in November, he was replaced by General Sir William Marshall. With troops being diverted from his command to expand operations elsewhere, Marshall slowly pushed towards to the Ottoman base at Mosul. Advancing towards the city, it was finally occupied on November 14, 1918, two weeks after the Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities. Defense of the Suez Canal As Ottoman forces campaigned in the Caucasus and Mesopotamia, they also began moving to strike at the Suez Canal. Closed by the British to enemy traffic at the start of the war, the canal was a key line of strategic communication for the Allies. Though Egypt was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire, it had been under British administration since 1882 and was rapidly filling with British and Commonwealth troops. Moving through the desert wastes of the Sinai Peninsula, Turkish troops under General Ahmed Cemal and his German chief of staff Franz Kress von Kressenstein attacked the canal area on February 2, 1915. Alerted to their approach, British forces drove off the attackers after two days of fighting. Though a victory, the threat to the canal forced the British to leave a stronger garrison in Egypt than intended. Into the Sinai For over a year the Suez front remained quiet as fighting raged at Gallipoli and in Mesopotamia. In the summer of 1916, von Kressenstein made another attempt on the canal. Advancing across the Sinai, he met a well-prepared British defense led by General Sir Archibald Murray. In the resulting  Battle of Romani  on August 3-5, the British forced the Turks to retreat. Going over the offensive, the British pushed across Sinai, building a railroad and water pipeline as they went. Winning battles at  Magdhaba  and  Rafa, they were ultimately stopped by the Turks at the First Battle of Gaza in March 1917 (Map). When a second attempt to take the city failed in April, Murray was sacked in favor of General Sir Edmund Allenby. Palestine Reorganizing his command, Allenby commenced the  Third Battle of Gaza  on October 31. Flanking the Turkish line at Beersheba, he won decisive victory. On Allenbys flank were the Arab forces guided by  Major T.E. Lawrence  (Lawrence of Arabia) who had previously captured the port of Aqaba. Dispatched to Arabia in 1916, Lawrence successfully worked to foment unrest among the Arabs who then revolted against Ottoman rule. With the Ottomans in retreat, Allenby rapidly pushed north, taking Jerusalem on December 9 (Map). Thought the British wished to deliver a death blow to the Ottomans in early 1918, their plans were undone by the beginning of the German  Spring Offensives  on the Western Front. The bulk of Allenbys veteran troops were transferred west to aid in blunting the German assault. As a result, much of the spring and summer was consumed rebuilding his forces from newly recruited troops. Ordering the Arabs to harass the Ottoman rear, Allenby opened the  Battle of Megiddo  on September 19. Shattering an Ottoman army under von Sanders, Allenbys men rapidly advanced and captured Damascus on October 1. Though their southern forces had been destroyed, the government in Constantinople refused to surrender and continued the fight elsewhere. Fire in the Mountains In the wake of the victory at Sarikamis, command of Russian forces in the Caucasus was given to General Nikolai Yudenich. Pausing to reorganize his forces, he embarked on an offensive in May 1915. This was aided by an Armenian revolt at Van which had erupted the previous month. While one wing of the attack succeeded in relieving Van, the other was halted after advancing through the Tortum Valley towards Erzurum. Exploiting the success at Van and with Armenian guerillas striking the enemy rear, Russian troops secured Manzikert on May 11. Due to the Armenian activity, the Ottoman government passed the Tehcir Law calling for the forced relocation of Armenians from the area. Subsequent Russian efforts during the summer were fruitless and Yudenich took the fall to rest and reinforce. In January, Yudenich returned to the attack winning the Battle of Koprukoy and driving on Erzurum. Taking the city in March, Russian forces captured Trabzon the following month and began pushing south towards Bitlis. Pressing on, both Bitlis and Mush were taken. These gains were short-lived as Ottoman forces under Mustafa Kemal recaptured both later that summer. The lines stabilized through the fall as both sides recuperated from the campaigning. Though the Russian command wished to renew the assault in 1917, social and political unrest at home prevented this. With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Russian forces began withdrawing on the Caucasus front and eventually evaporated away. Peace was achieved through the  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  in which Russia ceded territory to the Ottomans. The Fall of Serbia While fighting raged on the major fronts of the war in 1915, most of the year was relatively quiet in Serbia. Having successfully fended off an Austro-Hungarian invasion in late-1914, Serbia desperately worked to rebuild its battered army though it lacked the manpower to do so effectively. Serbias situation changed dramatically late in the year when following Allied defeats at Gallipoli and Gorlice-Tarnow, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and mobilized for war on September 21. On October 7, German and Austro-Hungarian forces renewed the assault on Serbia with Bulgaria attacking four days later. Badly outnumbered and under pressure from two directions, the Serbian army was forced to retreat. Falling back to the southwest, the Serbian army conducted a long march to Albania but remained intact (Map). Having anticipated the invasion, the Serbs had begged for the Allies to send aid. Developments in Greece Due to variety of factors, this could only be routed through the neutral Greek port of Salonika. While proposals for opening a secondary front at Salonika had been discussed by the Allied high command earlier in the war, they had been dismissed as a waste of resources. This view changed on September 21 when Greek Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos advised the British and French that if they sent 150,000 men to Salonika, he could bring Greece into the war on the Allied side. Though quickly dismissed by the pro-German King Constantine, Venizelos plan led to the arrival of Allied troops at Salonika on October 5. Led by French General Maurice Sarrail, this force was able to provide little aid to the retreating Serbians The Macedonian Front As the Serbian army was evacuated to Corfu, Austrian forces occupied much of Italian-controlled Albania. Believing the war in the region lost, the British expressed a desire to withdraw their troops from Salonika. This met with protests from the French and the British unwillingly remained. Building a massive fortified camp around the port, the Allies were soon joined by the remnants of the Serbian army. In Albania, an Italian force was landed in the south and made gains in the country south of Lake Ostrovo. Expanding the front out from Salonika, the Allies held a small German-Bulgarian offensive in August and counterattacked on September 12. Achieving some gains, Kaymakchalan and Monastir were both taken (Map). As Bulgarian troops crossed the Greek border into Eastern Macedonia, Venizelos and officers from the Greek Army launched a coup against the king. This resulted in a royalist government in Athens and a Venizelist government at Salonika which controlled much of northern Greece. Offensives in Macedonia Idle through much of 1917, Sarrails  Armee d Orient  took control of all of Thessaly and occupied the Isthmus of Corinth. These actions led to the exile of the king on June 14 and united the country under Venizelos who mobilized the army to support the Allies. In May 18, General Adolphe Guillaumat, who had replaced Sarrail, attacked and captured Skra-di-Legen. Recalled to aid in stopping the German Spring Offensives, he was replaced with General Franchet dEsperey. Wishing to attack, dEsperey opened the Battle of Dobro Pole on September 14 (Map). Largely facing Bulgarian troops whose morale was low, the Allies made swift gains though the British took heavy losses at Doiran. By September 19, the Bulgarians were in full retreat. On September 30, the day after the fall of Skopje and under internal pressure, the Bulgarians were granted the Armistice of Solun which took them out of the war. While dEsperey pushed north and over the Danube, British forces turned east to attack an undefended Constantinople. With British troops approaching the city, the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros on October 26. Poised to strike into the Hungarian heartland, dEsperey was approached by Count Krolyi, the head of the Hungarian government, about the terms for an armistice. Traveling to Belgrade, Krolyi signed an armistice on November 10.

Quality and Environmental Management Report Essay

Quality and Environmental Management Report - Essay Example The philosophy regards the processes to be problematic in general and not the employees. Customer satisfaction being the top aim in a quality management system, good leadership and power delegation at different employee levels for increased participation and teamwork. To achieve total quality management, processes and tools must be integrated with each other and the system itself to be recursively controlled by quality assurance check. Inspite of developing quality control methodologies, many European and American companies have not been able to attain much benefit from them. This is mostly because of lack of insight in implementation and mismatches between processes and problems. This means quality management should be treated as a due process with careful choosing of tools. There is a number of quality assurance tools that can be deployed to support a good quality management system for the house manufacturing company. Since the company is producing prefinished products to support t he on site construction, it is essential that the prefinished components are of good quality as evident by the problem occurring for the company. The basic tools to be deployed for the prefinished products range from production floor to advanced technologies and methods including ISO 9001, total quality management and Six sigma method. Seeing that the company already has a production floor as shown in the brief, it can be improved by adapting to Lean manufacturing in addition to these can help the company reduce the costs as well as increase the quality of their products by eliminating any processes and methods that are not useful for the finished product and customer demand. This will be a sure way to save space in the allocated workshops, clean up the processes and have only the customer oriented processes running. With the continuous improvement from total quality management and statistical controls of the Six sigma method, the defects in the prefabrications should be eliminated. As far as the actual causes of the defects occurring in the products are well handled and eliminated, the finished houses will be of good quality. 2. Plan and describe an appropriate ISO 9001 compliant Quality Management System (QMS), which the organization could employ to improve their quality problems. By meeting unique customer requirements and avoiding non-conformities ISO 9001 can help the company achieve full customer satisfaction (Cianfrani & West 2009). To comply with the industrial standards ISO quality standard improves internal operations and also covers the design research and development. Since the company’s construction is tied to the production of the prefinished products, a holistic approach is the best way to proceed. An appropriate quality management system to comply with a comprehensive set of standards to ensure quality for the customers would be to set up an appropriate organization structure for the company (Case Management Advisor 2004). An appropriate organization structure is a basic set of compliant quality management system that ISO 9001 gives. The organization should start from the top of the organization structure to improve the processes by fixing the processes management structure. The top management should be given clear policies to fully communicate the required products and customer requirem

Project Risk Management Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Risk Management Paper 1 - Essay Example It is important to clarify here that risks can be both positive and negative. Therefore, we can also define risk management as the act of reducing negative risks while trying to maximize positive risks. The process of risk management involves determining the outcome of the risk and using it to refine the objectives of the project, determining loose ends, and thus, improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the overall project. We can define the process project risk management into several steps, however, organizations usually combine the steps according to ease of use and utility. One of the main objectives of project risk management is to identify the risks with the highest consequences and possibility of occurrence and then develop possible action plans in case any of risk actually occurs (). Progressive elaboration, which improves the management’s ability to handle details well also encompasses risk definition as part of its process. Organizations depict different behavior s when it comes to handling risk. Firms that are aggressive and are in a sustainable leading position in their industry would take up projects that are very risky. Similarly, in such firms project managers with creative, innovative ideas are welcome in spite of the project being risky. On the other hand, risk averse organization who are mostly followers in their industry would hesitate from taking on risky project and project managers who take on risk and are aggressive in their management approaches would not be welcome here (What is a project, pg14). The initiating, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling, and closing process groups consists of sub-processes that are used throughout the project lifecycle. These are the knowledge areas (Creating the project charter, pg 44). The monitoring and controlling and execution process groups are very high on the risk probability of occurrence whereas the other process groups have low probability (What is a project, pg 29). The nine knowledge areas of PMBOK have been divided in such a way that each one involves some amount of integration of the other. Project risk management is core to any project and this is why, it begins with the development of project charter. The project charter is a formal document that authorizes the project to begin working and commit the resources. The project charter involves project statement of work, business case, contract, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets. Each aspect of the project charters involves some form of risk assessment such as under the enterprise environmental factors, a project manager has to assess the risk tolerance of the stakeholders meaning the level of risk, the stakeholders of the project and the firm are willing to take for the execution of the project. (Creating the project charter, pg 68). Process of Risk Management We can also define risk as the product of expected consequences of an event or loss and the likelihood of occu rrence. Risk could be characterized into two categories: Macro-risk and Micro-risk. Macro-risk is consideration of risk for a large population of events, where as micro-risk deals with risks on an event-by-event basis. Both forms of risk managements are used depending on the situation (Why project risk Management?, pg 2). Macro-risk Management – In the insurance and finance industries, risk is calculated using statistical tools: data collection, sampling, and data analysis.

The Career Of Ray Charles Music Essay

The Career Of Ray Charles Music Essay Ray Charles has been described by many of his contemporaries, Such as Frank Sinatra, who said, Ray Charles is the only genius in the business. I am going to discuss to what extent Ray Charles contributed to popular music. Ray grew up alongside both gospel and country music and was heavily influenced by these two genres. I am going to discuss how through his integration of gospel and rhythm and blues in releases such as I Got a Woman helped Ray create his own musical identity but ultimately helped to create a whole new musical style Soul. Finally I will discuss how his fusion of white country music through Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music helped to break barriers and introduced country music to a mainstream audience. Nat King Cole and pianist-singer Charles Brown, much to similar style of Cole had a great effect on Ray Charles. Ray closely imitated these artists as a teenager and during his time with Swing Time Records, headed by Jack Lauderdale. However, for Ray too be more successful he would have develop his own musical identity. During the 1950s Ray Charles would begin to blend RB and secularise gospel styles, which would ultimately lead to birth of Soul. He would begin to incorporate the chord changes, song structures, call and response techniques, and vocal screams of gospel. The influence gospel had on Ray is present from an early age. Ray grew alongside church music and would listen to Wings Over Jordan and the Golden Gate Quartet. During his time at school he would regularly sing in a choir and also organise his own informal singing group, which would sing rhythmic gospel music. In 1953 Whilst recording for singer Tommy Ridgeley at the JM Studio, New Orleans, Ray would play a couple of tunes after the session. He performed Feeling Sad funeral march and Guitar Slims and Rays I Wonder Who. His performance is characteristically blues, as ray weeps his way through the lyrics as horns drone sombre chords. However as Micheal Lydon states that after re-listening, Ray opens his voice in baby steps, exploring how to shade his vocal textures. This recording shows that Ray would need to push himself further with his emotional range. Around his birthday after Ray begins to widen his emotional range his friends in New Orleans would notice a change he began to sound like a gospel singer. Trumpeter Wallace Davenport recalls The first time I heard him I thought he was Charles Brown, then he started getting into that church thing. As Ray began to incorporate gospel into his music he would listen to gospel radio and read the Braille bible he carried. Renald Richard explained how Ray loves the blues singers like Joe Turner, but most of all he loved gospel singersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦He used to talk about Archie Browne, the lead singer with the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, how much he liked them. He would then begin to sound like them by turning and playing around with his notes, which would be much to the enjoyment of the audience. Later on in December 1953 whilst with Atlantic Records, Armet Ertegun and Jerry Wexler would listen to four arrangements Ray had made on radio station, WDSU. In this you can hear three distinct elements: Jazz, Deep Blues and fervid Gospel, coming together in an early stage, not a sound which is fully refined but one that sounds like Ray Charles. If there was a single turning point in the career of Ray Charles, it probably occurred on November the 18th 1954 at a radio station in Atlanta. It was here Ray and his recently formed band would record I Got a Woman. This was his first hit Ray had with a gospel influence. In October 1954, Ray was touring with his first band toward Indianna. Whilst searching the radio stations he would stop when he found a gospel station. Renald Richard remembered vividly a gospel tune that came on with a good groove and started singing. Ray sang something like I got a woman and I answered yeh she lives cross town then shes good to me. Renald then wrote the song for the next morning to the satisfaction of Ray. I Got a Woman is an archetypal 16 bar secularisation of My Jesus is all the World to me. Others have seen it as a straight rewrite of I Got a Saviour. The songs Ray had performed before like The Suns Gonna Shine had the hortatory tones of a preacher in the pulpit. I Got a Woman was a preacher a t a picnic. Light heartened gospel spiritual joy into sexual delight. It would lift the listener with each of its 4 bar chord change, confirming his optimistic lyrics. Just as the church would joyfully celebrate the glory of God. I got a woman was a record for every happy couple in America, black, white and in-between. The band first performed I Got a Woman for Ahmet and Jerry as they arrived at the Peacock club in Atlanta. Ahmet described how the power and precision had stunned Jerry. Jerry stated that something fantastic had happened, Ray had hatched, ready for fame. Through blending gospel with blues, Ray had the first time fused two strict idioms. In the African-American community the blues and gospel are both part of their culture. However a blues singer didnt sing gospel and a gospel singer didnt sing the blue. It was taboo. Many people believed that it was sacrilegious to mix blues with spirituals says Big Bill Broonzy and American blues singer. However, it quickly rose to the top of the charts in early 1955, the success of I got a woman being down to good attention from both white and black markets. Before, Ray had recorded songs like Mess Around by Ahmet Ertegà ¼n, which were big in the RB charts but not the white charts. A year after its first recording, Elvis Presley would confirm the impression it made by his own cover of I Got a Woman at RCA. In Jan 1955 Billboard quotes as I Got a Woman as one of the most infectious blues sides to come out since the summer. At the following recording session for Atlantic in Miami. Rays defining sound would be clearly and precisely heard. Ray recorded four charts, two straight blues and two gospel charts. The gospel songs This Little Girl of Mine and A Fool For You would reiterate Rays push of his gospel influence. This Little Girl of Mine is an up tempo shouter with a rhythmic Latin feel based on the gospel song This Little Light of Mine. A Fool For You is a 6/8 double time waltz with Rays sanctified singing but without the heavenly lyrics, accompanied by piano gospel licks and preaching horns. Although, like I Got a Woman these two gospel and RB charts was seen as sacrilegious, the mix Ray had created appealed to so many audiences across the nation, and introduced a new music that would have a lasting effect, which would be later labelled as Soul music. As the 1950s progressed vocal groups following Ray Charles, began to add a sense of urgency and meaning- Soul, to their style of music resulting in the groups of Motown and others, including groups like the Chicago based family band called the Staple Singers who had hit songs which were centred around Gospel and RB. Their success followed on into the 1970s. In the late 1950s into the 1960s girl groups joined male Doo-Wop and RR groups, which resulted in groups like The Shirelles, Marveletess and The Supremes. Their material was largely written by the Brill Building writers and received hit records but never usually lasted. As Ray Charles added the gospel influence to his music, such as the call and response backing vocal groups like the Raylettes so too did Aretha Franklin. She reinfused her female backing groups with a gospel influence, which are present in her mid 1960s Atlantic recordings. Other artists like James Brown, who started his career as a singer with the Gospel Starlighters, following the style of Reverends Julius Cheeks and Claude Jeter added RB to their style. The vocal urgency and syncopated dance rhythms of gospel along with top notch RB house bands came together most clearly in the music of James Brown. Combining a Little Richard- style act with other theatrics from Joe Tex and a pleading version of Ray Charles gospel/soul. He then recorded his hit Please, Please, Please. In 1959 Ray released Whatd I Say, a song that became a top ten pop hit and would be one of his last singles with Atlantic before his move to ABC. There are clear gospel influences combined with the sexual innuendo in the song made it not only widely popular but very controversial to both white and black audiences. In the middle of the song. Charles indicated that The Raelettes should repeat what he was doing, and the song transformed into a call and response between Charles, The Raelettes, and the horn section in the orchestra as they called out to each other in ecstatic shouts and moans and blasts from the horns. This improvised interchange between himself and the Raylettes and between the band and audience is much like that of a Preacher and his congregation. Ray also uses gospel dialouge with unuh-uhnnh over charles moans and cries. He also uses phrases like shake that thing and I feel alright, and expression for the body instead of the lord. During Rays early life the influence of country and western music is ever present. When Ray Charles was growing up, the south was full of Country or Hillbilly music. Ray explains how there wasnt a single Saturday night that he wouldnt listen to the Grand Ole Opry on the radio. I loved Grandpa Jones and other characters. I could hear what they were doing and appreciate the feeling behind it. Ray would listen to Jimmie Rodgers, Roy Acuff, Hank Snow, Hank Williams and later Eddie Arnold. I listened to them all the time, I certainly dug it and paid it some mind. In 1948 Ray joined a Hillbilly band called the Florida Playboys. It took just one audition to convince the Playboys that Ray could play country music with genuine flavour, and they hired him, no questions asked about race. For seven months he gigged with the band, playing current country hits of the day like Kentucky Waltz and Anytime in white honky-tonks in and around Tampa, learning to yodel and singing, Waiting All for You. Even as black, blind man, Ray was accepted and applauded just like anyone else by the audience. I could play the music right and I could do country music with as much feeling as any other southernerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I had been hearing it since I was a baby. Long before the birth of his own country music, Charles looked back with pride on his stint with the Playboys.Lydon. In an outtake of a 1950s recording, Ray plays a limpid country lick. The producer chuckles over the studio intercom and says that he didnt know Ray could play Nashville. Ray then replies Man, Didnt you know I gigged with the Florida Playboys His time with the Florida Playboys, though brief would plant a seed in his mind that would rise during the 1960s. After leaving Atlantic Records in 1959, Ray joined ABC and at the end of 1961. He asked Sid Feller to get together 40 country hits from the last twenty years with the idea to record a country album. Sid Feller had not know at the time that Ray liked County and Samuel Clark and Larry Newton the executives at ABC Records were adamantly opposed to the idea that Charles brought to them. The ABC executives said, You cant do no country-western things.Youre gonna lose all your fans! However Feller believed that Ray understood Country music. He describes how Ray loved the simple plaintive lyrics, and he felt that giving the music a lush treatment would make it different Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music is a dozen tunes that runs the whole scope of Nashville from the traditional Careless Love to the rock and roll Bye Bye Love and from Hank Williams to the B-side fail of I Cant Stop Loving You. The tracks alternate from big band to string and voice. However regardless of all the jazz and symphonic effects present, the heart of every arrangement is a simple strummed guitar. Rays bluesy melismas wring every tear out of the country weepers, all the poetry out of their monosyllabic lyrics. I Cant Stop Loving You has a folk song strength, major scale melody, marching up and down over 3 chords and operatic grandeur created by his baritone voice and orchestra. He also uses his trademark letting the chorus lead the lyric with his voice following. Ray sings County in his own way, expanding the country sounds without distorting its colour. Rays own blend obscures the fact that Modern Sounds was his boldest album, which breaks many barriers. Invading white country music in the 1960s was something black pop-jazz singers didnt do. You had to be Country in 1962. After Modern Sounds it became a major player in Rays repertoire and on popular music. His unique blend of Country, Pop, Jazz and RB introduced country music to people of the city and showed to record companies and producers how to arrange their music to reach a much wider audience. Ray Charles played a pivotal role in shaping the course of a seemingly very different genre of popular music. In the words of his good friend and sometimes collaborator, Willie Nelson, speaking before Charles death in 2004, Ray Charles the RB legend did more for country music than any other living human being. The landmark album that earned Ray Charles that praise was Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, which held at number 1 for 14 weeks and stayed in the charts for 2 years. His single release I Cant Stop Loving You ruled at number 1 on RB and Easy Listening charts for weeks in the summer of 1962 dipping to 3rd in July and beginning to fall in august. As Charles told Rolling Stone magazine a decad e later, But Charles recognized the quality of songs like I Cant Stop Loving You by Don Gibson and You Dont Know Me, by Eddy Arnold and Cindy Walker, and the fact that his version of both of those country songs landed in the Top 5 on both the pop and RB charts was vindication of Charless long-held belief that Theres only two kinds of music as far as Im concerned: good and bad. Following the massive commercial success and notice of Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, country music experienced an immediate increase in popularity. According to music writer Daniel Cooper, the album raised the genres profile, specifically Nashville sound, of which Charles had covered. Benefiting from this were songwriters, music publishers and country singers who covered the subgenres material. As noted by Cooper, by the end of 1962, Nashville country publishers were being held as the hottest source of music material in the record business these days. Ray Charless success with the stylistic fusion of country and soul on Modern Sounds later lead to country soul efforts from performers, such as Candi Staton and Solomon Burke who were both greatly influenced by Charless Modern Sounds recordings. Many country music artists, such as Willie Nelson and Buck Owens, have cited Charless take on country music and Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music as their major influences. In an interview for Country Music Television, Nelson said of Modern Soundss influence that the album did more for country music than any one artist has ever done. Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music has also been perceived by many critics and writers as a landmark album in American music, as the record was the first to blend the two racially distinct genres of country and soul. Ray Charles all-embracing attitude toward music was one that he developed during his childhood and early career. Ray was immersed in the sounds of jazz, blues, gospel and country in his youth, playing in RB bands and a Country Hillbilly band. Ray Charles pioneered soul music, which had a great effect on popular music. In secularising certain aspects of gospel music with RB, Ray received his first gospel and RB hit I Got a Woman, which received attention from both black and white audiences. Subsequently, further releases like Whatd I Say and the Hallelujah I Lover Her So album attracted a large mainstream audience. His fusion of white country music earned Ray mainstream and crossover success, with his album Modern Sound in Country and Western Music which broke racial stereotypes and exposed country music to city dwellers. It also helped other country artists; particularly them orientated around the Nashville sound, reach a wider audience, raising the genres profile. To him, the bounda ries between those styles of music were made to be crossed, and he made a career out of doing just that having a great effect on popular music.

The summer holiday

After each term in school pupils have holidays. It Is cool to have holidays. You can do whatever you like and you don't have to get up early. Most of all I like summer holidays because they are the longest ones. Last summer was very interesting for me. I don't go to the seaside or somewhere abroad but I spent a good time with my family and my friends. In June I with my friends watched Euro 201 2 and we didn't miss any match. It was a great event for Ukraine. And I think at that moment everybody believed In the victory.In July I went to my grandmother who lives In the village. I had a very good time there, because I had an active rest. I got up early In the morning and worked In the vegetable garden. I helped my granny to water the vegetables and to take care of the plants. The days In the country passed very quickly. I had a lot of things to do every day. Sometimes I went to the forest. It Is not far from the village. There I picked up berries and mushrooms. In the evening I watched TV and read books.August was not very special but it stuck in my memory because of the trip to the mountains with my father. It was very interesting and exciting. We made our trip on the Independence day. We started early in the morning, took some food and equipments. And in the afternoon we were on the tip of Hoverer. We made friends with a lot of people and made many photos. It was wonderful day. We had a very good time. Now my holidays are over and I am looking forward to the next ones. I suppose they will be much better.